ls: Lists the files and directories in the current directory.

cd: Changes the current directory.

pwd: Prints the current working directory.

cp: Copies a file or directory.

mv: Moves or renames a file or directory.

rm: Removes a file or directory.

mkdir: Creates a new directory.

rmdir: Deletes an empty directory.

cat: Concatenates and displays the contents of one or more files.

touch: Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file.

chmod: Changes the permissions of a file or directory.

chown: Changes the owner of a file or directory.

grep: Searches for a pattern in a file or output of another command.

find: Searches for files and directories based on various criteria.

tar: Compresses or extracts files and directories into a tar archive.

gzip: Compresses or decompresses files using the gzip format.

ping: Tests the connectivity of a network host.

ifconfig: Displays network interface configuration information.

netstat: Displays network connections and routing tables.

ssh: Connects to a remote host using the SSH protocol.

scp: Copies files between hosts using the SSH protocol.

su: Switches to another user account.

sudo: Executes a command with elevated privileges.

top: Displays system resource usage and processes.

ps: Displays information about running processes.

kill : Terminates a running process.

uptime: Displays system uptime and load averages.

df: Displays disk usage information.

du: Displays the size of a file or directory.

history: Displays the command history for the current user.